BEYOND THE LIMITS OF POPULAR FEMINISM: RE-READING BELL HOOKS THROUGH RACE, RELIGION, RELIGIOUS EPISTEMOLOGY, AND INTERSECTIONALITY

Abstract

This article critically examines the limitations of popular feminism through the perspectives of bell hooks, intersectionality, and religious epistemology. It argues that although contemporary popular feminism has increased the visibility of diverse women, it often continues to universalize the experiences of white, middle-class, and secular women. Particular attention is given to the epistemic position of pious women, who face a double marginalization: patriarchal constraints within religious traditions and exclusion from feminist legitimacy unless their experiences are expressed in secular terms. Drawing on Black feminist theory, Islamic feminism, feminist theology, and debates on hermeneutic authority, the study explores religion as both a social identity and a source of knowledge production. Methodologically, the research employs a critical literature review and document analysis. The findings demonstrate that feminist inclusivity requires not only representation but also the transformation of epistemic authority, citation practices, and interpretive legitimacy. A faith-sensitive and intersectional framework is proposed.