THE LIFE AND WORK OF AKHMET TEZEKBAEV: SOVIET REPRESSIONS AND NATIONAL STRUGGLE

Abstract

Transformational periods in the history of any nation exert a profound influence on the social structure, political system, cultural identity, and economic foundations of society. In the centuries-long history of Kazakhstan, the first half of the 20th century holds a special place as one of the most complex and significant periods. This article examines the socio-economic, political, and cultural changes that took place in the country during this time. In addition, the study provides a scholarly analysis of the life path and creative legacy of Akhmet Tezekbaev — a representative of the national intelligentsia who was subjected to repression by the Soviet regime — as well as the reasons for his persecution. The historical significance of his personality in the contemporary context is emphasized. In 1920, after the complete establishment of Soviet power across the former Russian Empire, including Kazakhstan, the Bolshevik system began to cautiously implement national, social, and economic policies. The main goal of this strategy was to gain the support of the local population, especially the majority, in order to strengthen Soviet administrative structures. Large-scale economic reforms began in the republic, affecting virtually all social groups. These reforms were aimed at restoring economic activity, which had been undermined by World War I, the revolutions, and the civil war. To this end, the Soviet authorities used a number of economic mechanisms characteristic of capitalist countries. Significant changes also occurred in the agricultural sector, where measures were taken to redistribute arable and pasture lands as well as water resources. However, the initially pragmatic reforms were later replaced by a system of centralized governance. All sectors of the economy came under strict administrative control, and repressive methods were widely used to meet planned targets. Alongside pressure on agricultural producers, the Soviet authorities also sought to establish control over the spiritual life of society. The elimination of competition in the spiritual sphere created conditions for the unobstructed dissemination of party ideology throughout society. Thus, between 1920 and 1940, the Soviet state established a system of total control over all spheres of public life — economic, political, cultural, and spiritual. Any manifestations of dissent or alternative views were completely suppressed.