ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON THE AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM OF THE CASPIAN SEA

Abstract

The article examines the comprehensive impact of oil and gas extraction, exploration, transportation, and marine operations in the Caspian Sea region on the ecosystem. The rapid development of industrial and transport activities, the accumulation of drilling waste on the seabed, leaks from old oil wells, as well as the spread of transboundary pollutants pose a serious threat to the ecological stability of the region.

The study determined the level of pollution of marine waters by petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, and assessed their impact on water quality, aquatic organisms, and fish resources. In addition, the influence of anthropogenic factors on the population status of a rare species—the Caspian seal—was examined. The obtained results were compared with environmental monitoring data, and scientifically grounded measures for improving environmental protection activities in the region were proposed.

The research findings indicate that the processes of marine ecosystem degradation are intensifying. Particularly high concentrations of pollutants were identified in coastal areas. This leads to a decline in biodiversity and increases the risk of extinction of certain species. Furthermore, climate change and fluctuations in water levels exert additional pressure on the ecosystem alongside anthropogenic impacts. In this regard, the need to improve environmental monitoring systems, strengthen international cooperation, and implement principles of sustainable natural resource management is substantiated.